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Comparative analysis of energy use in China building sector: current status, existing problems and solutions

Shengyuan ZHANG, Xiu YANG, Yi JIANG, Qingpeng WEI,

《能源前沿（英文）》 2010年第4卷第1期页码 2-21 doi: 10.1007/s11708-010-0023-z

摘要： Energy use in buildings has attracted more and more attention due to its significant proportion in the energy pan of the world. China is the second largest energy user, yet the situation of energy use in the China building sector remains unclear, due to problems of statistics and data processing and problematic use of these data. In this paper, a series of methods is developed, in the first place, to give strict definitions of energy data and to divide energy use into 4 sub-sectors according to the unique situation of China. Then, each sub-sector is further analyzed through international comparisons. Existing problems of energy use and solutions for energy reduction in each sub-sector are also discussed. Accordingly, it is found that China uses much less energy, in terms of both per capita and unit area, in buildings than developed countries. The difference in energy use could be attributed, in large part, to lifestyles of local people, which could determine their way of energy use but is more determined by cultural concepts than by others such as income, technique and so on, especially in China. However, to fulfill the requirements of lifestyles with higher living standards and lower energy consumption, technological innovations are needed.

关键词： building energy use lifestyle and technology residential building commercial building rural building

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Proliferation of district heating using local energy resources through strategic building-stock management

Yi DOU, Keijiro OKUOKA, Minoru FUJII, Hiroki TANIKAWA, Tsuyoshi FUJITA, Takuya TOGAWA, Liang DONG

《能源前沿（英文）》 2018年第12卷第3期页码 411-425 doi: 10.1007/s11708-018-0577-8

摘要：

District heating systems using cogeneration technology and renewable resources are considered as an effective approach to resources conservation and reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, wide-spread aging and depopulation problems, as well as the popularization of energy-saving technologies in buildings, are estimated to greatly decrease energy consumption, leading to inefficiency in district heating and barriers to technology proliferation. From a long-term perspective, land use changes, especially the progression of compact city plans, have the potential to offset the decrement in energy consumption that maintains the efficiency of district heating systems. An integrated model is developed in this paper based on building cohort analysis to evaluate the economic feasibility and environmental impact of introducing district heating systems to a long-term compact city plan. As applied to a case in the Soma Region of Fukushima, Japan, potential migration from the suburbs to the central station districts is simulated, where district heating based on gas-fired cogeneration is expected to be introduced. The results indicate that guided migration to produce concentrated centers of population can substantially increase the heat demand density, which supports a wider application of district heating systems and better low-carbon performance. These results are further discussed in relation to technology innovation and related policies. It is concluded that policies related to urban land use planning and energy management should be integrated and quantitatively evaluated over the long-term with the aim of supporting urban low-carbon sustainable development.

关键词： building stock compact city district heating energy use Fukushima

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Nudging sustainable consumption of residential energy use: A behavioral economics perspective

《工程管理前沿（英文）》页码 540-545 doi: 10.1007/s42524-023-0264-2

摘要： Nudging sustainable consumption of residential energy use: A behavioral economics perspective

关键词： consumption energy use

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Influence of envelope insulation materials on building energy consumption

Junlan YANG, Jiabao TANG

《能源前沿（英文）》 2017年第11卷第4期页码 575-581 doi: 10.1007/s11708-017-0473-7

摘要： In this paper, the influence of different external wall insulation materials on the energy consumption of a newly built apartment in Germany is investigated. Three types of insulation materials commonly used in Germany including mineral fiber, polyurethane, and vacuum insulation panel are chosen for the case studies. An energy analysis model is established to clarify the primary energy use for production of the insulation materials and for building space heating. The calculation results show that the energy consumption for insulation material production increases with the insulation thickness, whereas the energy use for space heating decreases with the insulation thickness. Thus, there exists an optimum thickness to get the lowest total energy consumption for each kind of insulation material. The ascending order of the total energy consumption of the three materials is mineral fiber, polyurethane, and vacuum insulation panel. However, the optimum insulation thicknesses for the three insulation materials show a verse order at a certain heat transfer coefficient of the base envelope. The energy payback time (EPT) is proposed to calculate the payback time of the primary energy use for insulation material production. Mineral fiber has the shortest time, followed by polyurethane and vacuum insulation panel. The EPTS is 10, 19 and 21 years, respectively when the heat transfer coefficient of the base envelope is 0.2 W/(m ·K). In addition, the simulated results show that the theoretical value and the simulated value are basically identical.

关键词： building envelope insulation materials energy consumption payback time

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Impact of climate change on building heating energy consumption in Tianjin

Cao XIANG, Zhe TIAN

《能源前沿（英文）》 2013年第7卷第4期页码 518-524 doi: 10.1007/s11708-013-0261-y

摘要： This paper investigated the variation of building heating energy consumption caused by global warming in Tianjin, China. Based on the hourly historical and monthly projected future (B1/A1B emissions scenarios) meteorological data, the variation of those relevant meteorological parameters was first analyzed. A TRNSYS simulation model for a reference building was introduced to investigate historical variation of office building energy consumption. The results showed that the 10-year-average heating energy consumption of 2001–2010 had reduced by 16.1% compared to that of 1961–1970. By conducting principal component analysis and regression analysis, future variation of building heating load was studied. For B1/A1B emissions scenarios, the multi-year-average heating load was found to decrease by 9.7% (18.1%)/10.2% (22.7%) compared to that of 1971–2010 by 2011–2050 (2051–2100).

关键词： global warming office building heating energy consumption

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Machine learning in building energy management: A critical review and future directions

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2022年第9卷第2期页码 239-256 doi: 10.1007/s42524-021-0181-1

摘要： Over the past two decades, machine learning (ML) has elicited increasing attention in building energy management (BEM) research. However, the boundary of the ML-BEM research has not been clearly defined, and no thorough review of ML applications in BEM during the whole building life-cycle has been published. This study aims to address this gap by reviewing the ML-BEM papers to ascertain the status of this research area and identify future research directions. An integrated framework of ML-BEM, composed of four layers and a series of driving factors, is proposed. Then, based on the hype cycle model, this paper analyzes the current development status of ML-BEM and tries to predict its future development trend. Finally, five research directions are discussed: (1) the behavioral impact on BEM, (2) the integration management of renewable energy, (3) security concerns of ML-BEM, (4) extension to other building life-cycle phases, and (5) the focus on fault detection and diagnosis. The findings of this study are believed to provide useful references for future research on ML-BEM.

关键词： building energy management machine learning integrated framework knowledge evolution

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Energy use, CO

Ertugrul YILDIRIM

《能源前沿（英文）》 2014年第8卷第3期页码 269-278 doi: 10.1007/s11708-014-0326-6

摘要： In this study, the causal relations between inward foreign direct investment (FDI)-energy use per capita and inward FDI-CO emission per capita were analyzed and the inconsistency between the causal relations was investigated via bootstrap-corrected panel causality test and cross-correlation analysis. In this direction, data from 76 countries including the period of 1980–2009 was processed. No supportive evidence was found for changing causal relations to country group which was classified into income level. The findings indicated that while the pollution haven hypothesis was supported for Mozambique, United Arab Emirates and Oman, the pollution halo hypothesis was supported in the case of India, Iceland, Panama and Zambia. For other countries, energy use and CO emission were neutral to inward FDI flows in aggregated level. Furthermore, this study urged that increased (decreased) energy use due to the inward FDI flows did not necessarily mean an increase (decrease) in pollution level, and vice versa. For policy purpose, FDI attractive policy should be regulated by taking into account this possibility.

关键词： CO₂ emissions energy consumption liberalization

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Statistical analysis of residential building energy consumption in Tianjin

Jihong LING,Luhui ZHAO,Jincheng XING,Zhiqiang LU

《能源前沿（英文）》 2014年第8卷第4期页码 513-520 doi: 10.1007/s11708-014-0327-5

摘要： To analyze the effect of energy conservation policies on energy consumption of residential buildings, the characteristics of energy consumption and indoor thermal comfort were investigated in detail in Tianjin, China, based on official statistical yearbook and field survey data. A comprehensive survey of 305 households indicates that the mean electricity consumption per household is 3215 kWh/a, in which annual cooling electricity consumption is 344 kWh/a, and the mean natural gas consumption for cooking is 103.2 m /a. Analysis of 3966 households data shows that space heating average intensity of residential buildings designed before 1996 is 133.7 kWh/(m ·a), that of buildings designed between 1996 and 2004 is 117.2 kWh/(m ·a), and that of buildings designed after 2004 is 105.0 kWh/(m ·a). Apparently, enhancing the performance of envelops is effective in reducing space heating intensity. Furthermore, the results of questionnaires show that 18% of the residents feel slightly warm and hot respectively, while 3% feel slightly cold in winter. Therefore, the electricity consumption in summer will rise for meeting indoor thermal comfort.

关键词： energy intensity indoor thermal comfort residential building survey statistical analysis energy conversation

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我国建筑节能战略研究

江亿

《中国工程科学》 2011年第13卷第6期页码 30-38

摘要：

给出了我国建筑运行能耗现状，并按照北方城镇建筑采暖、长江流域住宅采暖、住宅用能、非住宅建筑用能以及农村民用建筑用能的分类方法，分别分析了各类建筑能耗的特点、问题和节能的主要途径，同时对比了发达国家同类建筑用能与我国的差别。在基于数据和实际现象的分析的基础上，提出我国建筑能耗显著低于发达国家的主要原因是由于不同的生活方式和建筑使用模式所致，而维持目前这种相对节约的建筑使用方式与生活模式是实现我国建筑节能目标的基础。不同的生活方式和建筑使用方式需要不同的技术措施去实现节能，因此我国一定要采用与发达国家不同的技术途径来实现建筑节能目标。

关键词：建筑用能中国能源政策生活方式和能耗

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End-use energy utilization efficiency of Nigerian residential sector

Fidelis I. ABAM,Olayinka S. OHUNAKIN,Bethrand N. NWANKWOJIKE,Ekwe B. EKWE

《能源前沿（英文）》 2014年第8卷第3期页码 322-334 doi: 10.1007/s11708-014-0329-3

摘要： In this paper, the end-use efficiencies of the different energy carriers and the overall energy efficiency in the Nigerian residential sector (NRS) were estimated using energy and exergy analysis. The energy and exergy flows were considered from 2006 to 2011. The overall energy efficiency ranges from 19.15% in 2006 to 20.19% in 2011 with a mean of (19.96±0.23)% while the overall exergy efficiency ranges from 4.34% in 2006 to 4.40% in 2011 with a mean of (4.31±0.059)%. The energy and exergy efficiency margin was 15.58% with a marginal improvement of 0.07% and 0.02%, respectively when compared with previous results. The contribution of the energy carriers to the total energy and exergy inputs were 1.45% and 1.43% for electricity, 1.95% and 3% for fossil fuel and 96.6% and 95.57% for bio-fuel. The result shows that approximately 65% of the residence use wood and biomass for domestic cooking and heating, and only a fraction of the residence have access to electricity. LPG was found to be the most efficient while kerosene, charcoal, wood and other biomass the least in this order. Electricity utilization exergy efficiency is affected by vapor-compression air conditioning application apart from low potential energy applications. In addition, this paper has suggested alternatives in the end-use application and has demonstrated the relevance of exergy analysis in enhancing sustainable energy policies and management and improved integration techniques.

关键词： end-use energy exergy efficiency residential sector Nigeria

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Multiple regression models for energy consumption of office buildings in different climates in China

Siyu ZHOU, Neng ZHU

《能源前沿（英文）》 2013年第7卷第1期页码 103-110 doi: 10.1007/s11708-012-0220-z

摘要： The energy consumption of office buildings in China has been growing significantly in recent years. Obviously, there are significant relationships between building envelope and the energy consumption of office buildings. The 8 key building envelope influencing factors were found in this paper to evaluate their effects on the energy consumption of the air-conditioning system. The typical combinations of the key influencing factors were performed in Trnsy simulation. Then on the basis of the simulated results, the multiple regression models were developed respectively for the four climates of China—hot summer and warm winter, hot summer and cold winter, cold, and severely cold. According to the analysis of regression coefficients, the appropriate building envelope design schemes were discussed in different climates. At last, the regression model evaluations consisting of the simulation evaluations and the actual case evaluations were performed to verify the feasibility and accuracy of the regression models. The error rates are within±5% in the simulation evaluations and within±15% in the actual case evaluations. It is believed that the regression models developed in this paper can be used to estimate the energy consumption of office buildings in different climates when various building envelope designs are considered.

关键词： regression model energy consumption building envelope office building different climates

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Case study of data-oriented approach for building energy performance investigation

Jianjun XIA, He XIAO, Yi JIANG,

《能源前沿（英文）》 2010年第4卷第1期页码 22-34 doi: 10.1007/s11708-010-0024-y

摘要： The key parameters that may influence building energy performance is studied by comparing the building energy data of college buildings in two different regions (the USA and China). By introducing data-orientated approach, a study of a set of on-campus building energy demand and consumption is conducted for cooling, heating and electricity. In addition, the heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) and lighting systems are studied in great detail. The breakdown analyses of the current energy consumption data are used to focus the investigation on critical issues. The analysis shows that the energy consumption of college buildings in the USA can be 3–5 times more than that of college buildings in China. The over-high energy consumption in campus buildings in the USA is mainly caused by operation schedule, system style, cooling and heating counteraction and sensor/actuator faults in the control systems, which also leads to the discussion of energy difference on the concept of “full control” or “local improvement” in building environment control. The study also indicates that the building energy efficiency can only be achieved by adjusting the demand according to natural conditions, encouraging green life behaviors, and developing relative technical solutions coordinated with the thrift culture and human behavior.

关键词： USA counteraction on-campus building over-high sensor/actuator

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Building Energy Conservation and Technology

Yi JIANG, Xiaohua LIU,

《能源前沿（英文）》 2010年第4卷第1期页码 1-1 doi: 10.1007/s11708-010-0025-x

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A building unit decomposition model for energy leakage by infrared thermography image analysis

Yan SU, Fangjun HONG, Lianjie SHU

《能源前沿（英文）》 2020年第14卷第4期页码 901-921 doi: 10.1007/s11708-020-0679-y

摘要： A quantitative energy leakage model was developed based on the thermography image data measured for both external and internal building surfaces. The infrared thermography images of both surfaces of doors, windows, and walls of an office building in the Hengqin Campus of University of Macao were taken at various times in a day for four seasons. The transient heat ﬂux for sample units were obtained based on measurements of the seasonal transient local temperature differences and calculations of the effective thermal conductivity from the multiple-layer porous medium conduction model. Effects of construction unit types, orientations, and seasons were quantitatively investigated with unit transient orientation index factors. The corresponding electric energy consumption was calculated based on the air conditioning system coefficient of performance of heat pump and refrigerator cycles for different seasons. The model was validated by comparing to the electric meter records of energy consumption of the air conditioning system. The uncertainties of the predicted total building energy leakage are about 14.7%, 12.8%, 12.4%, and 15.8% for the four seasons, respectively. The differences between the predicted electric consumption and meter values are less than 13.4% and 5.4% for summer and winter, respectively. The typical daily thermal energy leakage value in winter is the highest among the four seasons. However, the daily electric energy consumption by the air conditioning system in summer and autumn is higher than that in winter. The present decomposition model for energy leakage is expected to provide a practical tool for quantitative analysis of energy leakage of buildings.

关键词： heat conductivity heat coefficient heat &fllig ux infrared thermography thermal image

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西藏高原低能耗建筑设计关键技术研究与应用

刘加平,杨柳,刘艳峰,田国民

《中国工程科学》 2011年第13卷第10期页码 40-46

摘要：

针对西藏高原地区城乡居住建筑环境质量差、常规能源缺乏的现状，通过对城乡居住建筑的大规模实地勘察、对建筑物理环境和能耗等指标的详细测算以及对城镇居住建筑和传统民居基本模式的综合分析，提出了适合西藏高原自然气候条件和社会经济背景的低能耗建筑设计的基本理论、方法及其关键技术问题。研发了低能耗建筑设计基本气象参数数据，创作出以太阳能综合利用为核心技术、适合当地民族文化和社会经济发展状况的城镇节能居住建筑体系和新型乡村生态民居建筑并建成示范工程，在满足基本热舒适条件下，同时保证了居住建筑的采暖和空调的超低能耗。编制了西藏地区建筑节能设计相关标准和图集，推动了当地建筑节能行业的整体进步。研究成果对于西部其他地区亦具有借鉴意义。

关键词：西藏高原建筑节能太阳能利用居住建筑低能耗建筑